我的環境:
Fedora 14 內核版本為2.6.38.1
開發板:ARM9 TQ2440
移植內核版本:linux-2.6.30.4
定時器在linux內核中主要是采用一個結構體實現的。但是需要注意定時器是一個只運行一次的對象,也就是當一個定時器結束以后,還需要重現添加定時器。但是可以采用mod_timer()函數動態的改變定時器到達時間。
這個驅動主要實現內核定時器的基本操作。內核定時器主要是是通過下面的結構體struct timer_list實現。需要的頭文件包括#include<linux/timer.h>,但是在實際開發過程中不需要包含該頭文件,因為在sched.h中包含了該頭文件。
struct timer_list {
struct list_head entry;
unsigned long expires;
void (*function)(unsigned long);
unsigned long data;
struct tvec_base *base;
#ifdef CONFIG_TIMER_STATS
void *start_site;
char start_comm[16];
int start_pid;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
struct lockdep_map lockdep_map;
#endif
};
定時器的實現主要是該結構體的填充和部分函數的配合即可完成。其中紅色的部分是最主要的幾個元素,1、expires主要是用來定義定時器到期的時間,通常采用jiffies這個全局變量和HZ這個全局變量配合設置該元素的值。比如expires = jiffies + n*HZ,其中jiffies是自啟動以來的滴答數,HZ是一秒種的滴答數。
2、function可以知道是一個函數指針,該函數就是定時器的處理函數,類似我們在中斷中的中斷函數,其實定時器和中斷有很大的相似性。定時器處理函數是自己定義的函數。
3、data通常是實現參數的傳遞,從function的參數類型可以知道,data可以作為定時器處理函數的參數。
其他的元素可以通過內核的函數來初始化。
初始化函數為:
init_timer(struct timer_list * timer);
或者直接DEFINE_TIMER宏實現定義和初始化操作。
#define DEFINE_TIMER(_name, _function, _expires, _data) \
struct timer_list _name = \
TIMER_INITIALIZER(_function, _expires, _data)
添加定時器到內核的函數:
void add_timer(struct timer_list *timer)
{
BUG_ON(timer_pending(timer));
mod_timer(timer, timer->expires);
}
刪除定時器函數,如果定時器的定時時間還沒有到達,那么才可以刪除定時器:
int del_timer(struct timer_list *timer)
修改定時器的到達時間,該函數的特點是,不管定時器是否到達時間,都會重現添加一個定時器到內核。所以可以在定時處理函數中可以調用該函數修改需要重新定義的到達時間。
int mode_timer(struct timer_list *timer,unsigned long expires)
int mod_timer(struct timer_list *timer, unsigned long expires)
{
/*
* This is a common optimization triggered by the
* networking code - if the timer is re-modified
* to be the same thing then just return:
*/
if (timer->expires == expires && timer_pending(timer))
return 1;
/*注意調用的條件,也就是說明當前的定時器為鏈表的最后一個*/
return __mod_timer(timer, expires, false);
}
static inline int
__mod_timer(struct timer_list *timer, unsigned long expires, bool pending_only)
{
struct tvec_base *base, *new_base;
unsigned long flags;
int ret;
ret = 0;
timer_stats_timer_set_start_info(timer);
BUG_ON(!timer->function);
base = lock_timer_base(timer, &flags);
if (timer_pending(timer)) {
detach_timer(timer, 0);
ret = 1;
} else {
if (pending_only)
goto out_unlock;
}
debug_timer_activate(timer);
new_base = __get_cpu_var(tvec_bases);
if (base != new_base) {
/*
* We are trying to schedule the timer on the local CPU.
* However we can't change timer's base while it is running,
* otherwise del_timer_sync() can't detect that the timer's
* handler yet has not finished. This also guarantees that
* the timer is serialized wrt itself.
*/
if (likely(base->running_timer != timer)) {
/* See the comment in lock_timer_base() */
timer_set_base(timer, NULL);
spin_unlock(&base->lock);
base = new_base;
spin_lock(&base->lock);
timer_set_base(timer, base);
}
}
timer->expires = expires;
internal_add_timer(base, timer);
out_unlock:
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&base->lock, flags);
return ret;
}
static void internal_add_timer(struct tvec_base *base, struct timer_list *timer)
{
unsigned long expires = timer->expires;
unsigned long idx = expires - base->timer_jiffies;
struct list_head *vec;
if (idx < TVR_SIZE) {
int i = expires & TVR_MASK;
vec = base->tv1.vec + i;
} else if (idx < 1 << (TVR_BITS + TVN_BITS)) {
int i = (expires >> TVR_BITS) & TVN_MASK;
vec = base->tv2.vec + i;
} else if (idx < 1 << (TVR_BITS + 2 * TVN_BITS)) {
int i = (expires >> (TVR_BITS + TVN_BITS)) & TVN_MASK;
vec = base->tv3.vec + i;
} else if (idx < 1 << (TVR_BITS + 3 * TVN_BITS)) {
int i = (expires >> (TVR_BITS + 2 * TVN_BITS)) & TVN_MASK;
vec = base->tv4.vec + i;
} else if ((signed long) idx < 0) {
/*
* Can happen if you add a timer with expires == jiffies,
* or you set a timer to go off in the past
*/
vec = base->tv1.vec + (base->timer_jiffies & TVR_MASK);
} else {
int i;
/* If the timeout is larger than 0xffffffff on 64-bit
* architectures then we use the maximum timeout:
*/
if (idx > 0xffffffffUL) {
idx = 0xffffffffUL;
expires = idx + base->timer_jiffies;
}
i = (expires >> (TVR_BITS + 3 * TVN_BITS)) & TVN_MASK;
vec = base->tv5.vec + i;
}
/*
* Timers are FIFO:
*/
/*添加到鏈表的最后,這說明mod_timer實現了重新注冊一個定時器的操作*/
list_add_tail(&timer->entry, vec);
}
從上面的分析可以看出,mod_timer的實現過程比較復雜,但是基本上說明了mod_timer函數重新注冊定時器的操作過程。
一般而言定時器的基本操作主要是上面的幾個函數。
我的基于內核定時器的驅動函數如下,參考了宋寶華的Linux設備驅動開發詳解(第二版)。
驅動程序:
#include<linux/module.h>
#include<linux/types.h>
#include<linux/fs.h>
#include<linux/errno.h>
#include<linux/mm.h>
#include<linux/sched.h>
#include<linux/init.h>
#include<linux/cdev.h>
#include<asm/io.h>
#include<asm/uaccess.h>
#include<linux/device.h>
/*采用宏定義設置設備的主設備號*/
#define SECOND_MAJOR 0
/*靜態的分別保存靜態主設備號的變量*/
static int second_major = SECOND_MAJOR;
/*設備結構體,通常在設備中包含需要的設備,比如字符、塊等類型*/
struct second_dev{
/*添加設備類型,
我認為可以采用一個聯合體,
包含塊設備或者字符設備,類似inode的實現方法,
這樣可以提高結構體的通用性
*/
struct cdev cdev;
/*原子變量,用來統計*/
atomic_t counter;
/*添加內核定時器結構體變量*/
struct timer_list s_timer;
/*用于動態創建設備文件的設備類*/
struct class *myclass;
};
/*結構體指針或者采用全局變量直接定義結構都可以*/
struct second_dev *second_devp;
/*如果定時時間到了,定時器的處理函數*/
static void second_timer_handler(unsigned long arg)
{
/*
修改定時器中的到期時間,增加時間為1s,
需要注意的是mod_timer函數是重新注冊定時器到內核
而不管定時器是否被運行過
*/
mod_timer(&second_devp->s_timer,jiffies + HZ);
/*原子變量的增加*/
atomic_inc(&second_devp->counter);
/*輸出jiffies值*/
printk(KERN_NOTICE "Current jiffies is %d\n",jiffies);
}
/*open函數實現*/
static int second_open(struct inode *inode,struct file *filp)
{
/*初始化定義的內核定時器*/
init_timer(&second_devp->s_timer);
/*指定內核定時器的處理函數是上面定義好的函數*/
second_devp->s_timer.function = second_timer_handler;
/*指定定時間隔是1s*/
second_devp->s_timer.expires = jiffies + HZ;
/*將定時器添加到內核*/
add_timer(&second_devp->s_timer);
/*同時設備相關的統計值為0*/
atomic_set(&second_devp->counter,0);
return 0;
}
/*release函數的實現*/
static int second_release(struct inode *inode,struct file *filp)
{
/*如果沒有到時間就關閉設備,直接刪除定時器*/
del_timer(&second_devp->s_timer);
return 0;
}
/*read函數的實現*/
static ssize_t second_read(struct file *filp,char __user *buf,size_t count,loff_t *ppos)
{
int counter;
/*讀當前的值*/
counter = atomic_read(&second_devp->counter);
/*
采用put_user實現數值的傳送
put_user函數存在對指針變量的檢查,
因此不需要檢測指針是否正確
*/
if(put_user(counter,(int *)buf))
return -EFAULT;
else
/*返回數據大小*/
return sizeof(unsigned int);
}
/*具體的文件操作集合*/
static const struct file_operations second_fops =
{
/*這是擁有者*/
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = second_open,
.release = second_release,
.read = second_read,
};
/*初始化函數*/
static int __init second_init(void)
{
int ret;
/*設備號的申請,創建*/
dev_t devno = MKDEV(second_major,0);
/*靜態申請設備號*/
if(second_major)
{
ret = register_chrdev_region(devno,1,"second");
}
/*動態申請設備號*/
else
{
ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&devno,0,1,"second");
second_major = MAJOR(devno);
}
if(ret < 0)
{
return ret;
}
/*分配設備結構體的地址空間*/
second_devp = kmalloc(sizeof(struct second_dev),GFP_KERNEL);
/*檢查是否分配正確*/
if(!second_devp)
{
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto fail_malloc;
}
/*清零分配的空間*/
memset(second_devp,0,sizeof(struct second_dev));
/*創建設備類,用于自動創建設備文件*/
second_devp->myclass = class_create(THIS_MODULE,"second_timer_class");
/*字符設備初始化,綁定相關操作到設備*/
cdev_init(&second_devp->cdev,&second_fops);
/*設備的擁有者*/
second_devp->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE,
/*添加設備到內核*/
ret = cdev_add(&second_devp->cdev,devno,1);
/*錯誤處理*/
if(ret)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE "ERROR %d\n ",ret);
goto fail_malloc;
}
/*依據以前創建的設備類,創建設備*/
device_create(second_devp->myclass,NULL,devno,NULL,"second%d",0);
return 0;
/*錯誤操作*/
fail_malloc:
unregister_chrdev_region(devno,1);
return ret;
}
/*退出函數*/
static void __exit second_exit(void)
{
/*釋放設備*/
device_destroy(second_devp->myclass,MKDEV(second_major,0));
/*刪除字符設備*/
cdev_del(&second_devp->cdev);
/*釋放設備類*/
class_destroy(second_devp->myclass);
/*釋放分配的內存空間大小*/
kfree(second_devp);
/*釋放設備號*/
unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(second_major,0),1);
}
/*卸載和加載*/
module_init(second_init);
module_exit(second_exit);
/*LICENSE和作者信息*/
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("GP-<gp19861112@yahoo.com.cn>");
應用程序:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<linux/fs.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
int main()
{
int fd;
int counter = 0;
int old_counter = 0;
fd = open("/dev/second0",O_RDONLY);
if(fd != -1)
{
while(1)
{
read(fd,&counter,sizeof(unsigned int));
if(counter != old_counter)
{
printf("second after open /dev/second0 : %d\n",counter);
old_counter = counter;
}
}
}
else
{
printf("Device open failure\n");
exit(1);
}
exit(0);
}
實驗效果:
[root@EmbedSky Test]# ./app-timer
Current jiffies is 2137721
second after open /dev/second0 : 1
Current jiffies is 2137921
second after open /dev/second0 : 2
Current jiffies is 2138121
second after open /dev/second0 : 3
Current jiffies is 2138321
second after open /dev/second0 : 4
Current jiffies is 2138521
second after open /dev/second0 : 5
Current jiffies is 2138721
second after open /dev/second0 : 6
以上的結果表明內核定時器基本實現了效果,但從實驗結果看好像為每兩秒實現一次顯示。具體的原因還有待于再次分析,因為arm中的HZ應該為100,而不是200。