在過程控制中,按偏差的比例(P)、積分(I)和微分(D)進行控制的PID控制器(亦稱PID調節器)是應用最為廣泛的一種自動控制器。它具有原理簡單,易于實現,適用面廣,控制參數相互獨立,參數的選定比較簡單等優點;而且在理論上可以證明,對于過程控制的典型對象──“一階滯后+純滯后”與“二階滯后+純滯后”的控制對象,PID控制器是一種最優控制。PID調節規律是連續系統動態品質校正的一種有效方法,它的參數整定方式簡便,結構改變靈活(PI、PD、…)。
參數的選擇:
①比例系數P對系統性能的影響:比例系數加大,使系統的動作靈敏,速度加快,穩態誤差減;P偏大,振蕩次數加多,調節時間加長;P太大時,系統會趨于不穩定;P太小,又會使系統的動作緩慢。P可以選負數,這主要是由執行機構、傳感器以及控制對象的特性決定的。如果P的符號選擇不當對象測量值就會離控制目標的設定值越來越遠,如果出現這樣的情況P的符號就一定要取反。同時要注意的是,力控的策略控制器的PID控制塊的P參數是PID控制中的增益。
②積分控制I對系統性能的影響:積分作用使系統的穩定性下降,I小(積分作用強)會使系統不穩定,但能消除穩態誤差,提高系統的控制精度。
、畚⒎挚刂艱對系統性能的影響:微分作用可以改善動態特性,D偏大時,超調量較大,調節時間較短;D偏小時,超調量也較大,調節時間也較長;只有D合適,才能使超調量較小,減短調節時間。
C語言實現PID算法:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include<math.h>
- struct _pid {
- int pv; /*integer that contains the process value*/
- int sp; /*integer that contains the set point*/
- float integral;
- float pgain;
- float igain;
- float dgain;
- int deadband;
- int last_error;
- };
- struct _pid warm,*pid;
- int process_point, set_point,dead_band;
- float p_gain, i_gain, d_gain, integral_val,new_integ;;
- pid_init
- DESCRIPTION This function initializes the pointers in the _pid structure
- to the process variable and the setpoint. *pv and *sp are
- integer pointers.
- void pid_init(struct _pid *warm, int process_point, int set_point)
- {
- struct _pid *pid;
- pid = warm;
- pid->pv = process_point;
- pid->sp = set_point;
- }
- pid_tune
- DESCRIPTION Sets the proportional gain (p_gain), integral gain (i_gain),
- derivitive gain (d_gain), and the dead band (dead_band) of
- a pid control structure _pid.
- void pid_tune(struct _pid *pid, float p_gain, float i_gain, float d_gain, int dead_band)
- {
- pid->pgain = p_gain;
- pid->igain = i_gain;
- pid->dgain = d_gain;
- pid->deadband = dead_band;
- pid->integral= integral_val;
- pid->last_error=0;
- }
- pid_setinteg
- DESCRIPTION Set a new value for the integral term of the pid equation.
- This is useful for setting the initial output of the
- pid controller at start up.
- void pid_setinteg(struct _pid *pid,float new_integ)
- {
- pid->integral = new_integ;
- pid->last_error = 0;
- } pid_bumpless
- DESCRIPTION Bumpless transfer algorithim. When suddenly changing
- setpoints, or when restarting the PID equation after an
- extended pause, the derivative of the equation can cause
- a bump in the controller output. This function will help
- smooth out that bump. The process value in *pv should
- be the updated just before this function is used.
- void pid_bumpless(struct _pid *pid)
- {
- pid->last_error = (pid->sp)-(pid->pv);
- }
- pid_calc
- DESCRIPTION Performs PID calculations for the _pid structure *a. This function uses the positional form of the pid equation, and incorporates an integral windup prevention algorithim. Rectangular integration is used, so this function must be repeated on a consistent time basis for accurate control.
-
- RETURN VALUE The new output value for the pid loop.
- USAGE #include "control.h"*/
- float pid_calc(struct _pid *pid) {
- int err;
- float pterm, dterm, result, ferror;
- err = (pid->sp) - (pid->pv);
- if (abs(err) > pid->deadband) {
- ferror = (float) err; /*do integer to float conversion only once*/
- pterm = pid->pgain * ferror;
- if (pterm > 100 || pterm < -100) {
- pid->integral = 0.0; }
- else {
- pid->integral += pid->igain * ferror;
- if (pid->integral > 100.0)
- {
- pid->integral = 100.0; }
- else if (pid->integral < 0.0) pid->integral = 0.0; }
- dterm = ((float)(err - pid->last_error)) * pid->dgain;
- result = pterm + pid->integral + dterm; }
- else result = pid->integral;
- pid->last_error = err;
- return (result); }
-
- void main(void)
- {
- float display_value;
- int count=0;
-
- pid = &warm;
-
- // printf("Enter the values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
- // scanf("%d%d%f%f%f", &process_point, &set_point, &p_gain, &i_gain, &d_gain);
- process_point = 30;
- set_point = 40;
- p_gain = (float)(5.2);
- i_gain = (float)(0.77);
- d_gain = (float)(0.18);
-
- dead_band = 2;
- integral_val =(float)(0.01);
-
- printf("The values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
- printf(" %6d %6d %4f %4f %4f\n", process_point, set_point, p_gain, i_gain, d_gain);
-
- printf("Enter the values of Process point\n");
-
- while(count<=20)
- {
- scanf("%d",&process_point);
- pid_init(&warm, process_point, set_point);
- pid_tune(&warm, p_gain,i_gain,d_gain,dead_band);
- pid_setinteg(&warm,0.0); //pid_setinteg(&warm,30.0);
-
- //Get input value for process point
- pid_bumpless(&warm);
-
- // how to display output
- display_value = pid_calc(&warm);
- printf("%f\n", display_value);
- //printf("\n%f%f%f%f",warm.pv,warm.sp,warm.igain,warm.dgain);
- count++;
- }
復制代碼
全部資料51hei下載地址:
PID控制智能小車.doc
(32 KB, 下載次數: 29)
2019-1-24 13:58 上傳
點擊文件名下載附件
下載積分: 黑幣 -5
|